This cross-sectional study was performed on patients who were ASA Class I, II, or III and had undergone GA and elective abdominal surgery. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting memory impairment caused by GA and the anterograde and retrograde effects of anesthesia on the memory process. Therefore, we designed this study to obtain more needed information about the effects of anesthesia on memory and examine each of the memory domains more closely. So far, no direct effect of anesthesia on any domain of the short-term memory has been investigated. Memory and learning are among the most complex and important behavioral processes, and as the spectrum of anesthetic worldwide use is expanding, knowledge about the effects of these drugs on the memory process is of particular importance. This has led to extensive researches in patients undergoing nonneurologic surgeries. Surgery and anesthesia bring significant degrees of stress to the patient, and the use of anesthetic drugs and hemodynamic fluctuations and other operating room (OR) events can affect the patient's memory status and, therefore, lead to patients' dissatisfaction. According to recent studies, identifying the causes, understanding its precise mechanism, and trying to prevent it from occurring is an important priority in public health. POCD is a common complication of anesthesia and can occur up to 80% after cardiac surgery and 26% after noncardiac major surgeries, as well as a possible association between POCD and increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Anesthesia and its complications despite being used for more than a century still remain a mystery to the physicians. So far, researchers have found evidence of increased risk of cognitive and memory impairment in elderly patients following anesthesia however, more recent studies have shown evidence of anesthesia in middle-aged patients' memory impairment. Recent studies suggest that GA can have long-term effects on memory and perception. Neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory diseases, and CNS disorders have also been implicated in the mainstream of the POCD pathogenesis hypothesis. Despite the lack of evidence for the pathogenesis and molecular mechanism of POCD, studies indicate that POCD is a neurological disorder that results from a combination of factors, including surgery, anesthesia, etc. Memory impairment and impaired learning ability are the most common clinical manifestation of POCD. Previous studies have shown that the incidence of POCD 1 week after noncardiac major surgery is 40% in elderly patients and it remains at about 10% even after 3 months of surgery. In addition, anesthesia is referred to as a temporary memory disorder. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) leads to cognitive and memory impairment following surgery. Recent studies have also consistently reinforced the belief that anesthetics can cause morphological changes and long-term functional impairment. Anesthesia medications received during surgery are associated with cerebral dysfunction in young and old people. Today, we know that the long-term effects, including cellular signal changes and their effects, after exposure to anesthesia are abundant, and these effects may be favorable or undesirable. For a long time, it was believed that general anesthesia (GA) exerted a temporary, reversible effect on the central nervous system (CNS), returning to its original state once it was discontinued. It also seeks to promote the transfer of knowledge between professionals in academia and industry by emphasizing research in which results are of interest or applicable to design practices.Modern anesthesia has increasingly made it possible to perform complex surgeries and diagnostic procedures for patients with confidence and led to significant advances in the medical field. It aims to provide an international forum for the exchange of ideas and findings from researchers across different cultures and encourages research on the impact of cultural factors on design theory and practice. The International Journal of Design is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal devoted to publishing research papers in all fields of design, including industrial design, visual communication design, interface design, animation and game design, architectural design, urban design, and other design related fields.
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